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Motion for Rehearing Overruled; Opinion = of=20 February 13, 2007, Withdrawn.  Affirmed and Substitute = Majority=20 Opinion and Concurring Opinion filed August 9, 2007.

 

 

 

In The

 

Fourteenth Court=20 of Appeals

_______________

 

NO. 14-05-00554-CV

_______________

 

IN THE MATTER OF T.A.W.

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On Appeal from 314th District = Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No.=20 04-00310J

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C O N C U R R I N G   O P I N = I O=20 N

 

The court correctly = affirms the=20 trial court=3Ds judgment but = incorrectly=20 indicates that the trial court=3Ds finding under = section=20 54.04(i)(1)(C) of the Texas Family Code bears only on the decision = between=20 probation inside the home and probation outside the home.  = This=20 finding also bears on the Texas Legislature=3Ds efforts to comply = with=20 federal legislation appropriating funds to be paid by the federal=20 government to the states for certain children who are placed = outside their=20 homes.  Appellant raises the issue of the meaning and purpose = of=20 section 54.04(i) of the Texas Family Code.  I write = separately to=20 address this issue.

           &= nbsp;           &n= bsp;        =20 Factual and = Procedural=20 Background

A brief review of the = factual=20 and procedural background relating to T.A.W.=3Ds[1] = second=20 issue is in order.[2]  At=20 the adjudication hearing, the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt = that=20 T.A.W. engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the offense of=20 aggravated sexual assault of a child under the age of fourteen as = alleged=20 in the petition.  Because T.A.W. was in jeopardy of a = determinate=20 sentence under section 54.04(d)(3) of the Texas Family Code, = T.A.W. had a=20 right to a jury at the disposition hearing, which he = exercised. =20 See Tex. Fam. = Code Ann.=20 ' 54.04(a) (Vernon = Supp.=20 2006). 

The jury at the = disposition=20 hearing found Athat [T.A.W.] is in = need of=20 rehabilitation or that the protection of the public or [T.A.W.] = requires=20 that a disposition be made in this case.@  This finding = is required=20 for the trial court to issue a disposition order.  See = id. ' 54.04(c).  The = jury=20 sentenced T.A.W. to commitment to the Texas Youth Commission with = a=20 transfer to the institutional division of the Texas Department of = Criminal=20 Justice for a term of fourteen years.  The jury answered in = the=20 negative when asked if it found that A[T.A.W.], in=20 [T.A.W.=3Ds] home, cannot be = provided the=20 quality of care and level of support and supervision that [T.A.W.] = needs=20 to meet the conditions of probation.@  In his second = issue,=20 T.A.W. asserts that, under section 54.04(i), an affirmative jury = finding=20 in this regard was required for the trial court to sentence him to = the=20 Texas Youth Commission and that the absence of such a finding = precluded=20 the trial court from doing so.

           &= nbsp;           &n= bsp;           &nb= sp;           &nbs= p;            = ;       =20 Analysis

Section 54.04 is = confusing and=20 contains language that is difficult to interpret.[3]  In=20 pertinent part, it states as follows:

(c)       = No=20 disposition may be made under this section unless the child is in = need of=20 rehabilitation or the protection of the public or the child = requires that=20 disposition be made.  If the court or jury does not so find, = the=20 court shall dismiss the child and enter a final judgment without = any=20 disposition.  No disposition placing the child on probation = outside=20 the child=3Ds home may be made under this section = unless the=20 court or jury finds that the child, in the child's home, cannot be = provided the quality of care and level of support and supervision = that the=20 child needs to meet the conditions of the probation.

 

(d)       = If the=20 court or jury makes the finding specified in Subsection (c) = allowing the=20 court to make a disposition in the case:

. . .

(3) if the court or jury found at the = conclusion=20 of the adjudication hearing that the child engaged in delinquent = conduct=20 that included a violation of a penal law listed in Section = 53.045(a) and=20 if the petition was approved by the grand jury under Section = 53.045, the=20 court or jury may sentence the child to commitment in the Texas = Youth=20 Commission with a possible transfer to the institutional division = or the=20 pardons and paroles division of the Texas Department of Criminal = Justice=20 for a term of:

(A) not more than 40 years if the = conduct=20 constitutes:

(i) a capital felony;

(ii) a felony of the first degree;  = or

(iii) an aggravated controlled substance = felony .=20 . .

. . .

 

(f)        The=20 court shall state specifically in the order its reasons for the=20 disposition and shall furnish a copy of the order to the = child.  If=20 the child is placed on probation, the terms of probation shall be = written=20 in the order.

. . .

(i)        If=20 the court places the child on probation outside the = child=3Ds home or commits the child to the Texas = Youth=20 Commission, the court:

(1) shall include in its order its = determination=20 that:

(A) it is in the child's best interests = to be=20 placed outside the child=3Ds home;

(B) reasonable efforts were made to = prevent or=20 eliminate the need for the child=3Ds removal from the home and to make it = possible=20 for the child to return to the child=3Ds home; and

(C) the child, in the child=3Ds home, cannot be provided the quality = of care and=20 level of support and supervision that the child needs to meet the=20 conditions of probation;  and

(2) may approve an=20 administrative body to conduct permanency hearings pursuant to 42 = U.S.C.=20 Section 675 if required during the placement or commitment of the=20 child.

Tex.=20 Fam. Code Ann.=20 ' 54.04.  An = important=20 issue in this case is how section 54.04(i) should be = construed.  In=20 analyzing this issue, it is appropriate to examine the history of = the=20 statute, which the Texas Legislature enacted in 1973.  = See Act=20 of May 25, 1973, 63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 544, ' 1, 1973 Gen. Laws = 1460,=20 1478B79 (current version = codified at=20 Tex. Fam. Code = Ann.=20 ' 54.04).  From = the=20 beginning, section 54.04(c) required that a finding be made before = any=20 disposition would be possible, and, if disposition were possible, = section=20 54.04(d) outlined the different options for disposition and the = findings=20 required for each.  See id.  Likewise, under the = original=20 statute, a juvenile court was required to specifically state in = its=20 disposition order the reasons for the disposition.  See=20 id.  However, as originally enacted, section 54.04 did = not=20 contain any language resembling current section 54.04(i).  = See=20 id. 

After the enactment = of section=20 54.04, the United States Congress enacted legislation providing = for the=20 appropriation of money to be paid by the federal government  = to the=20 states for certain children who are placed outside their homes, in = foster=20 homes or elsewhere.  See 42 U.S.C. ' 670, et seq. = (2004);=20 see also Robert O. Dawson, Texas Juvenile Law 179 = (2000 5th=20 ed.).  However, for a state to be eligible to receive these = payments,=20 it must have a plan, approved by the Secretary of Health and Human = Services, that, among other things, provides that reasonable = efforts shall=20 be made to prevent or eliminate the need for removing children = from their=20 homes and to make it possible for children to safely return to = their=20 homes.  See 42 U.S.C. ' 671(a)(15) = (2004).  In=20 response to this federal legislation, the Texas Legislature added=20 subsection (i) to section 54.04, requiring that, before a juvenile = court=20 places a child on probation outside the child=3Ds home or commits the = child to=20 the Texas Youth Commission, the court must determine that (1) it = is in the=20 child=3Ds best interests to = be placed=20 outside the child=3Ds home and (2) = reasonable=20 efforts were made to prevent or eliminate the need for the=20 child=3Ds removal from the = home and to=20 make it possible for the child to return to the child=3Ds home.  = See Act of=20 June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 1052, ' 6.11, 1987 Gen. Laws = 3546,=20 3578 (current version codified at Tex. Fam. Code Ann. = ' 54.04(i)); In re = K.T.,=20 107 S.W.3d 65, 68 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 2003, no = pet.) (en=20 banc) (stating that the requirement of the determinations under = section=20 54.04(i) derives from federal law, which makes federal monies = available to=20 the states for certain children placed outside their homes, but = only upon=20 judicial findings that removal from the home is necessary); see = also=20 Robert O. Dawson, Texas=20 Juvenile Law 179 (noting that A[t]he requirement = that these=20 findings [section 54.04(i) determinations] be made derives from = federal=20 law@).  =

In 1993, the Texas = Legislature=20 amended subsections (c) and (d) of section 54.04 to add a = requirement that=20 a child cannot be placed on probation outside his home unless the = court or=20 jury finds that the child, in the child=3Ds home, cannot be = provided the=20 quality of care and level of support and supervision that the = child needs=20 to meet the conditions of the probation.  See Act of = May 30,=20 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 1048, ' 1, 1993 Gen. Laws = 4473,=20 4473B74 (current version = codified at=20 Tex. Fam. Code = Ann.=20 ' 54.04(c), = (d)).  At the=20 same time, the Texas Legislature also added to the determinations = required=20 by section 54.04(i) a finding that the child, in the = child=3Ds home, cannot be = provided the=20 quality of care and level of support and supervision that the = child needs=20 to meet the conditions of the probation, though it is not clear = how this=20 finding is relevant to a decision to commit a child to the Texas = Youth=20 Commission.  See id.  Further confirming = the=20 connection between the section 54.04(i) determinations and the = federal=20 appropriation statute, in 2001, the Texas Legislature added an = express=20 reference to the federal statute.  See Act of May 24, = 2001,=20 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1297, ' 23, 2001 Gen. Laws = 3142,=20 3151B52 (stating that the = juvenile=20 court Amay approve an = administrative=20 body to conduct permanency hearings pursuant to 42 U.S.C. = [s]ection 675 if=20 required during the placement or commitment of the = child@) (current version = codified at=20 Tex. Fam. Code = Ann.=20 ' 54.04(i)). =

Although the wording = of section=20 54.04 is inconsistent and presents challenges to interpretation, = the=20 structure and language of the statute indicate that subsections = (c) and=20 (d) prescribe findings that must be made under certain = circumstances by=20 the juvenile court in a nonjury disposition hearing or by the jury = in a=20 jury disposition hearing.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. = ' 54.04. When the = Texas=20 Legislature added subsection (i) to the statute, it already was = clear=20 that, while a jury might find certain facts, only the juvenile = court could=20 sign a disposition order.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. = ' 54.04(f).  = Furthermore,=20 subsection (f) already required the juvenile court to specify the = reasons=20 for the disposition, regardless of whether there was a jury at the = disposition hearing.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. = ' 54.04(f) (stating = that=20 Athe court shall state = specifically in the order its reasons for the disposition and = shall=20 furnish a copy of the order to the child@); In re K.T., = 107=20 S.W.3d at 68 (stating that regardless of the disposition selected, = under=20 section 54.04(f), the juvenile court must state specifically in = the=20 disposition order the reasons for the disposition).  Thus, = there was=20 no need to add a statute requiring a juvenile court to state its = findings=20 in a case with a nonjury disposition hearing.  In addition, = if=20 section 54.04 applied only to cases involving nonjury disposition=20 hearings, then the statute might not satisfy the federal = requirements,=20 which apply to both jury and nonjury disposition hearings, thus=20 jeopardizing Texas=3Ds ability to obtain = these=20 payments from the federal government.  See 42 U.S.C.=20 ' 670, et = seq. =20

For these reasons, it = is not=20 surprising that the Supreme Court of Texas and various = intermediate courts=20 of appeals have held that section 54.04(i) requires the juvenile = court to=20 make the requisite determinations in its disposition order = regardless of=20 whether there was a jury at the disposition hearing.  See = In re=20 J.P., 136 S.W.3d 629, 630B31 (Tex. 2004) = (holding under=20 the Aplain language of the = Family=20 Code@ that Aif an initial = disposition order=20 places a child in [the Texas Youth Commission] or on probation = outside the=20 home, it must expressly state that (1) removal from the home is in = the=20 child=3Ds best interests, (2) = reasonable efforts were made to avoid removal, and (3) care and=20 supervision the child needs to meet the conditions of probation = cannot be=20 provided at home@); In re = E.C.D., No.=20 04-05-00391-CV, 2007 WL 516137, at *11 & n.14 (Tex. = App.CSan Antonio Feb. 21, = 2007, no=20 pet.) (holding in memorandum opinion that, under section 54.04(i), = trial=20 court was required to make the three determinations even though = jury had=20 sentenced child to Texas Youth Commission at disposition hearing); = In=20 re J.G., 195 S.W.3d 161, 187 & n.5 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 2006, no = pet. h.)=20 (holding that, even though jury sentenced juvenile to determinate = sentence=20 in Texas Youth Commission, only trial court could make the three=20 determinations required to be in the disposition order under = section=20 54.04(i)); In re A.W., 147 S.W.3d 632, 636 & n.1 (Tex.=20 App.CSan Antonio 2004, no = pet.)=20 (same); In re W.D.A., 835 S.W.2d 227, 230 (Tex. = App.CWaco 1992, no writ) = (reversing=20 and remanding for a new jury trial for juvenile=3Ds disposition hearing = and=20 stating that, if jury found juvenile should be placed on probation = outside=20 the home or committed to the Texas Youth Commission, then the = trial court=20 would have to include the three mandatory determinations listed in = section=20 54.04(i) in its disposition order); In re T.T.H., 779 = S.W.3d 954,=20 959B60 (Tex. = App.CAustin 1989, no writ) = (holding=20 that trial court reversibly erred by not including all three = section=20 54.04(i) determinations in its disposition order in case in which = jury=20 sentenced juvenile to determinate sentence at Texas Youth = Commission at=20 disposition hearing); see also Robert O. Dawson, Texas Juvenile Law 179 = (stating=20 that Ain a determinate = sentence case=20 in which the juvenile has elected jury disposition . . . the jury = is not=20 permitted to make any of the related findings required by Section = 54.04(i)=20 . . . the court must make the findings required by 54.04(i) [sic] = to=20 authorize placement outside the home or commitment to the [Texas = Youth=20 Commission]@).

Therefore, the trial = court=20 correctly submitted to the jury the question required by section = 54.04(c)=20 for all dispositions and the question required by section 54.04(c) = for=20 probation outside the home.  The trial court also properly = allowed=20 the jury to determine the disposition based on section = 54.04(d). =20 After the jury found that T.A.W. was in need of rehabilitation or = the=20 protection of the public or the child requires that disposition be = made,=20 and after it sentenced him to a determinate sentence of fourteen = years,=20 the trial court appropriately made the determinations required by = section=20 54.04(i) and listed these determinations in its disposition = order. =20 See In re J.P., 136 S.W.3d at 630B31; In re = E.C.D., 2007=20 WL 516137, at *11 & n.14; In re J.G., 195 S.W.3d at 187 = &=20 n.5; In re A.W., 147 S.W.3d at 636 & n.1; In re = W.D.A.,=20 835 S.W.2d at 230; In re T.T.H., 779 S.W.3d at = 959B60.  =20             = In his=20 second issue, T.A.W. incorrectly asserts that, under section = 54.04(i), the=20 juvenile court could not sign a disposition order committing him = to the=20 Texas Youth Commission unless the jury found that the quality of = care and=20 level of support and supervision that T.A.W. needs to meet the = conditions=20 of probation cannot be provided in his home.  The Texas = Legislature=20 imposed no such requirement under section 54.04(i).  = Therefore, this=20 court correctly overrules T.A.W.=3Ds second issue.  = However,=20 in overruling this issue, the court incorrectly indicates that the = trial=20 court=3Ds finding under = section=20 54.04(i)(1)(C) of the Texas Family Code bears only on the decision = between=20 probation inside the home and probation outside the home.  = See In=20 re J.P., 136 S.W.3d at 630B31; In re = E.C.D., 2007=20 WL 516137, at *11 & n.14; In re J.G., 195 S.W.3d at 187 = &=20 n.5; In re A.W., 147 S.W.3d at 636 & n.1; In re = W.D.A.,=20 835 S.W.2d at 230; In re T.T.H., 779 S.W.3d at = 959B60.  For this = reason, I do=20 not join the court=3Ds analysis of=20 T.A.W.=3Ds second issue, but I = respectfully concur in the court=3Ds = judgment.

 

 

 

/s/        Kem=20 Thompson Frost

Justice

 

 

Judgment rendered and Substitute = Majority Opinion=20 and Concurring Opinion Filed August 9, 2007.

Panel consists of Justices Anderson, = Edelman, and=20 Frost.  (Edelman, J., majority)


[1]          =20 In an opinion from the appeal of a juvenile court proceeding, the = child is=20 identified by his initials rather than by name. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. = ' 56.01(j) (Vernon = 2002).

[2]          =20 This court correctly analyzes and overrules T.A.W.=3Ds first issue.

[3]          =20 All references in this opinion are to the Texas Family Code unless = otherwise = stated.

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TEXT-ALIGN: center } ------=_NextPart_000_0038_01C7FE30.1B122DD0--