Kessling v. Friendswood ISD (Tex.App.- Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 3, 2009)(Hedges)
(suit alleging violations of the Texas Open Meetings Act (TOMA), Texas Public Information Act (TPIA),
and Texas Education Code)
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED & REMANDED IN PART: Opinion by Chief Justice Hedges  
Before Chief Justice Hedges, Justices Brock Yates and Frost    
14-07-01063-CV  Nancy Kessling v. Friendswood Independent School District, and Patricia Hanks    
Appeal from 56th District Court of Galveston County
Trial Court Judge: Lonnie Cox
Dissenting Opinion by Justice Frost  Kessling v. Friendswood Independent School District [ISD]  

MAJORITY OPINION

Nancy Kessling sued appellees, Friendswood Independent School District (“F.I.S.D.") and its superintendent,
Patricia Hanks, for various alleged violations of the Texas Open Meetings Act ("TOMA"), Texas Public
Information Act (“TPIA"), and Texas Education Code.  In two issues on appeal, Kessling contends that the trial
court erred in (1) granting summary judgment against her TOMA and TPIA claims, and (2) dismissing her
Education Code claims for want of jurisdiction.  In a cross-appeal, appellees/cross-appellants contend that the trial
court erred in not awarding them attorney's fees.  

We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

I.  Background

Kessling styles herself as a “public watchdog," having followed the actions of the F.I.S.D. school board for over
twenty years and “routinely" using TPIA requests to monitor its activities.  Kessling asserts that she lives in the
area served by F.I.S.D., that she pays taxes to F.I.S.D., and that her children attended F.I.S.D. schools.  On
August 9, 2006, she filed the present lawsuit, seeking injunctions and declarations concerning alleged violations of
the TOMA, TPIA, and Education Code.  Kessling's original petition named only superintendent Hanks as a
defendant; FISD was added by later amended petition.  Specifically, in her third amended petition, the live petition
at the time of judgment,[1] Kessling alleged that appellees violated the TOMA by (1) deliberating illegally after
adjournment, (2) failing to post proper notice of topics to be considered in executive sessions, (3) discussing
matters not on the agenda in executive sessions, (4) permitting employees to attend executive sessions, and (5)
failing to keep proper minutes and electronic recordings of meetings.  She further alleged that appellees violated
the TPIA by refusing to either provide certain requested information or request an attorney general's opinion,
which would authorize such refusal, and by untimely or otherwise inappropriately fulfilling other requests.  She also
alleged that appellees violated the Education Code by failing to follow certain accounting practices and
procedures and file certain related reports required under the code.  Kessling sought declaratory judgment
regarding the alleged violations and requested mandamus and injunctive relief regarding certain past violations
and to prevent certain of the violations from reoccurring.

In response to Kessling's original petition, styled “Plaintiff's Original Application for Writ of Mandamus and Petition
for Permanent Injunction," Hanks answered, making general and special denials of the allegations, raising various
affirmative defenses, and requesting attorney's fees under the Education Code for the filing of a frivolous lawsuit.  
Hanks also filed special exceptions, claiming that in the petition, Kessling failed to (1) give fair notice of the claims
asserted, (2) demonstrate standing regarding certain claims, (3) identify specific acts claimed to be violations or
that Kessling was seeking to enjoin, and (4) state a cause of action.[2]  Although Kessling filed several
supplemental petitions, the trial court granted the special exceptions and ordered Kessling to replead within 30
days to cure the pleading defects.

After Kessling filed a first amended petition, which, inter alia, added F.I.S.D. as a defendant, and then a second
amended petition, appellees filed a combined motion for summary judgment and plea to the jurisdiction.  In the
summary judgment portion of this pleading, appellees contended that Kessling's TOMA and TPIA claims were
moot as they related to actions in the past and requested an impermissible advisory opinion as they related to
actions in the future.  In regards to the TPIA claims, appellees additionally argued that Kessling failed to follow the
proper procedures for bringing an action for declaratory judgment or injunctive relief under that act:  specifically
that she should have filed a complaint with the district or county attorney for Galveston County, where F.I.S.D. is
located.  In the plea to the jurisdiction portion of appellees' pleading, appellees asserted that the trial court did not
have jurisdiction over Kessling's Education Code claims because appellees had governmental immunity with
regard to such claims.  Appellees further argued that Kessling lacked standing to raise the Education Code claims
because the code did not provide for a right of private action and because Kessling failed to allege an injury which
was distinct to her as opposed to effecting the general public.

In her response to the motion and the plea, Kessling maintained that her TOMA claims were not rendered moot by
the fact that alleged violations had occurred in the past and that it was thus not improper for a court to declare
that prior actions violated the TOMA.  She further argued that her allegations established a “pattern and practice"
of TOMA violations; thus, mandamus and injunctive relief would be appropriate to prevent future violations.  
Regarding her TPIA claims, Kessling asserted that according to established caselaw, the TPIA permits private
citizens to bring direct action against governmental bodies to enforce TPIA provisions.  With regard to appellees'
plea to the jurisdiction, Kessling asserted that she had standing and the trial court had jurisdiction over her claims
because members of the public have a right to seek (1) mandamus relief to compel a public official to perform a
ministerial duty, and (2) declaratory relief against state officials who act without legal or statutory authority.  She
argued that the duties at issue in her Education Code claims, namely compliance with certain statutory accounting
policies and procedures, were ministerial acts requiring no discretion, and thus, governmental immunity was not
applicable.  She further contended that permitting F.I.S.D. to avoid its Education Code accounting duties would
effectively stymie public monitoring of its financial activities because under the TPIA, a government entity cannot
be required to create documents but can be required only to produce documents it has already created.  As
discussed above, with the trial court's permission, Kessling subsequently filed her third amended petition.

The trial court granted the motion for summary judgment and plea to the jurisdiction without specifying the bases
therefor.  Appellees then moved for attorney's fees.  The trial court thereafter filed another order, again stating
that the summary judgment motion and jurisdictional plea were granted and that all of Kessling's claims were
dismissed with prejudice.  Although the order does not mention appellees' motion for fees, the trial court expressly
denied that motion during an oral hearing.

II.  Kessling's Issues

As stated, in two issues, Kessling contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment against her
TOMA and TPIA claims and in dismissing her Education Code claims for want of jurisdiction.

A.  Summary Judgment [3]

In her first issue, Kessling contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment against her TOMA and
TPIA claims.  She asserts that the trial court's legal conclusions were in error and that genuine issues of material
fact exist precluding summary judgment.  We analyze the grant of a traditional motion for summary judgment under
well-established standards of review.  See generally Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a; Nixon v. Mr. Prop.  Mgmt. Co., Inc., 690
S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985).  The movant bears the burden to show that there is no genuine issue of material
fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).  We review the motion and any
evidence de novo, taking as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and indulging every reasonable
inference and resolving any doubts in the nonmovant's favor.  Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656,
661 (Tex. 2005).

1.  TOMA Claims

The Texas Legislature enacted the TOMA in 1967 to ensure “that the public has the opportunity to be informed
concerning the transactions of public business."  Acker v. Tex. Water Comm'n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 300 (Tex. 1990)
(quoting Act of May 23, 1967, 60th Leg., R.S., ch. 271, § 7, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 597, 598).  Under the TOMA, all
meetings of governmental bodies must be kept open to the public unless the law expressly authorizes a closed
session.  See Tex. Gov't Code. § 551.002.  The TOMA contains provisions governing how and when notices of
meetings are to be posted and what the contents of those notices must be.  See id. §§ 551.041-.043, 551.045,
551.047, 551.051-.052.  The TOMA additionally imposes certain requirements unique to closed sessions,
including that a certified agenda or electronic recording must be kept and that any vote or final action must occur
in an open meeting.  See id. §§ 551.102-.103.  Government Code section 551.142(a) provides that A[a]n
interested person . . . may bring an action by mandamus or injunction to stop, prevent, or reverse a violation or
threatened violation of [TOMA] by members of a governmental body."  As explained above, in the present action,
Kessling seeks a declaration concerning appellees' alleged prior TOMA violations and a mandamus or injunction
barring similar violations in the future.

In their motion for summary judgment, appellees argued that Kessling's TOMA claims were moot to the extent that
they related to meetings in the past and requested an impermissible advisory opinion to the extent that they
related to future meetings.  Both arguments essentially question whether Kessling has raised a justiciable
controversy.  The first argument asserts that claims concerning past meetings are moot, and the latter argument
questions whether claims concerning future meetings have ripened.  “To constitute a justiciable controversy, there
must exist a real and substantial controversy involving genuine conflict of tangible interests and not merely a
theoretical dispute."  Bonham State Bank v. Beadle, 907 S.W.2d 465, 467 (Tex. 1995).  Whether a justiciable
controversy exists, and thus whether claims have become moot on the one hand and whether they have ripened
on the other, is a threshold question that implicates subject-matter jurisdiction.  See, e.g., Patterson v. Planned
Parenthood of Houston & Se. Tex., Inc., 971 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1998) (discussing ripeness); City of Houston
v. Clark, 252 S.W.3d 561, 568 (Tex. App.- Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (discussing mootness).  “A case
becomes moot if a controversy ceases to exist or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome."  
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hallman, 159 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. 2005).  The doctrine of ripeness “asks whether the facts
have developed sufficiently so that an injury has occurred or is likely to occur, rather than being contingent or
remote."  Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442.

Appellees base their justiciability arguments on the Austin Court of Appeals' analysis in Cornyn v. City of Garland,
994 S.W.2d 258 (Tex. App.- Austin 1999, no pet.).  In Cornyn, the trial court denied by way of summary judgment
the complainant's requests for a declaratory judgment that prior city counsel meeting notices were deficient and a
permanent injunction and writ of mandamus requiring full TOMA compliance in the future.  994 S.W.2d at 266.  
The Austin court affirmed, holding that the declaratory judgment claim was moot and that the request for injunction
and for writ of mandamus required an advisory opinion (i.e., was not yet ripe for decision).  Id. at 267.[4]  Other
courts, however, including this one, have arrived at different conclusions from those of the Cornyn court regarding
the mootness of prior TOMA violations and the ripeness of threatened future violations.

a.  Future Meetings

For reasons which will become apparent, we begin by addressing the claims concerning threatened future
violations.  In Harris County Emergency Service District No. 1 v. Harris County Emergency Corps, we upheld an
injunction preventing the appellant governmental entity from holding certain types of meetings in the future without
proper notice.  999 S.W.2d 163, 171 (Tex. App.- Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).  As authority, we cited
section 551.142(a), which authorizes "[a]n interested person . . . [to] bring an action by mandamus or injunction to
stop, prevent, or reverse a violation or threatened violation of the TOMA."  Id. (quoting 551.142(a)) (emphasis
added).  We looked to a pattern of past improper meeting notices to support an injunction against holding future
meetings without proper notice.

To avoid the justiciability challenges, Kessling is only required to plead sufficient facts to support jurisdiction.  See
City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147, 150 (Tex. 2008).  Kessling's pleadings are sufficient to make a claim
under Harris County Emergency in that she explicitly alleged a pattern and practice of certain kinds of TOMA
violations and requested injunctive and mandamus relief to prevent future violations of the same nature.  
Consequently, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment against Kessling's claims concerning future
meeting notices.[5]

b.  Past Meetings

We now turn to Kessling's claims with regards to past violations.  In City of Farmers Branch v. Ramos, 235 S.W.3d
462 (Tex. App.- Dallas 2007, no pet.), the Dallas Court of Appeals also deviated from the Cornyn court's
conclusions.  In Ramos, the complainant alleged that the city council had violated the TOMA on specific instances
when it passed certain ordinances, and the city countered that questions concerning such alleged violations were
rendered moot because the ordinances in question had been subsequently repealed.  235 S.W.3d at 468-69.  
The court of appeals rejected the city's position, stating that: “If a governmental body illegally deliberates and
decides an issue in closed session, repealing the action so that it can be retaken in a later setting does not
vindicate the very right protected by TOMA. . . .  'Our citizens are entitled to more than a result.  They are entitled
not only to know what government decides but to observe how and why every decision is reached.'"  Id. at 469-70
(quoting Acker v. Tex. Water Comm'n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 300 (Tex. 1990)).  The court then concluded that the
complainant's request for a declaration of TOMA violations, coupled with a potential remedy involving production
of certified agenda from the illegally closed meetings, established that the issue was not moot.  Id. at 470.

We agree with the Ramos court that a TOMA violation is not rendered moot simply because it occurred in the past
but remains a live controversy insofar as it supports a future remedy.  Kessling's claims of past TOMA violations
and threatened future violations are, in fact, inextricably intertwined.  The remedy that she requests based on past
violations is the prohibition (by mandamus or injunction) of future violations.  She attempts to prove the likelihood
of those future violations by demonstrating a pattern and practice of violations in the past.  Thus, following Harris
County Emergency and Ramos, the controversy regarding past violations has not become moot, and the
controversy regarding future violations is ripe.  Consequently, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
against Kessling's TOMA claims on these bases.  We sustain Kessling's first issue.  It is important to note,
however, that our resolution of this issue does not mean that Kessling ultimately has valid TOMA claims or that
she has demonstrated a pattern and practice of TOMA violations.  These questions were not raised by appellees'
motion.  We hold only that Kessling has sufficiently pleaded her TOMA claims.

2.  TPIA Claims

In 1973, the Texas Legislature passed what is now known as the TPIA.  See Act of June 14, 1973, 63rd Leg., R.S.,
ch. 424, §§ 1, 14(d), 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 1112, 1118; City of Garland v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351,
355 (Tex. 2000).  The purpose of the TPIA is “to provide public access 'at all times to complete information about
the affairs of government and the official acts of public officials and employees.'"  City of Garland, 22 S.W.3d at
355-56 (quoting Tex. Gov't Code § 552.001).  In furtherance of this policy, a governmental body must promptly
produce requested public information.  See Tex. Gov't Code § 552.221.  The TPIA defines “public information" as
information that “under a law or ordinance or in connection with the transaction of official business, is collected,
assembled, or maintained by a governmental body; or for a governmental body and the governmental body owns
the information or has a right of access to it."  Id. § 552.021.  The TPIA also exempts certain categories of
information from disclosure.  See id. §§ 552.101-.123.  In order to claim that particular information falls within an
exemption, when the issue has not been previously determined, a governmental body must request an Attorney
General's opinion on the matter.  See id. § 552.301.  If the governmental body fails to do so, the information is
presumed to be public.  Id. § 552.302.

As stated above, in her petition, Kessling alleged that appellees had violated the TPIA by refusing to either
provide particular information or request an attorney general's opinion on the matter.  She further charged that
appellees had failed to timely or properly provide other requested information.  As relief, Kessling requested a
declaratory judgment that appellees had violated the TPIA, as well as injunctive relief and a writ of mandamus
requiring appellees to comply with TPIA provisions and timely disclose the requested information.  In their motion,
appellees raised two grounds for summary judgment on Kessling's TPIA claims.  First, they argued that under
TPIA section 552.3215, Kessling was not permitted to file her claims seeking declaratory judgment and injunctive
relief directly with a court but first had to file a complaint with the local district attorney or county attorney.  Tex.
Gov't Code § 552.3215.  Second, appellees argued, again based on the Cornyn case, that Kessling's TPIA claims
regarding past requests had all become moot and that her claims regarding potential future requests sought an
impermissible advisory opinion.  We will address each ground in turn.

a.  Section 552.3215

As a matter of statutory interpretation, we consider the question of whether section 552.3215 prevents Kessling
from filing her declaratory judgment and injunctive claims directly with a court under a de novo standard.  City of
Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. 2008).  When a statute's language is clear and unambiguous, we
need not resort to rules of construction or other extrinsic aids.  Id. at 626.  In enacting TPIA section 552.3215, the
Texas Legislature established a scheme through which TPIA complainants can file a complaint with a district
attorney or county attorney, who then must assess whether a violation has occurred and determine whether to
pursue the matter by first notifying the governmental entity and, if not remedied, then filing an action for
declaratory judgment or injunctive relief.  Tex. Gov't Code § 552.3215.  Subsection (a)(1) defines a “[c]
omplainant" as “a person who claims to be the victim of a violation of [the TPIA]."  Id. § 552.3215(a)(1).  
Subsection (b) states that “[a]n action for a declaratory judgment or injunctive relief may be brought in accordance
with this section against a governmental body that violates [the TPIA]."  Id. § 552.3215(b).  Subsection (c) permits
a district or county attorney to bring the action in the name of the state, and subsection (e) states that a
“complainant may file a complaint" with the county or district attorney.  Id. § 552.3215(c), (e).  Other sections guide
the district or county attorney's decision-making process, require notification to the governmental entity before suit
can be filed, and provide complainants with an additional opportunity to seek redress with the Texas Attorney
General should the local district or county attorney decline to pursue the matter.  Id. § 552.3215(g), (h), (i), (j).

Most significantly for our purposes, the final subsection of the provision, subsection (k), states that A[a]n action
authorized by this section is in addition to any other civil, administrative, or criminal action provided by this chapter
or another law."  Id. § 552.3215(k).  Prior to enactment of section 552.3215, it was clear that TPIA requestors
could seek relief from a governmental entity's refusal to produce information by directly filing a declaratory
judgment action under the UDJA against the entity.  See City of Garland, 22 S.W.3d at 357-58 (collecting cases
where TPIA requestors have sued for declaratory judgment as the sole remedy, as well as cases where
requestors sought declaratory judgment in addition to mandamus relief, and holding that the UDJA supports
declaratory judgment actions in the TPIA context); Dominguez v. Gilbert, 48 S.W.3d 789, 796 (Tex. App.- Austin
2001, no pet.) (holding TPIA requestor had standing to seek declaratory judgment under the UDJA).  Appellees
argue that the enactment of section 552.3215 eliminated this previously available avenue for redress.  However,
given that nothing in section 552.3215 expressly or implicitly restricts the preexisting right of action, and given that
subsection (k) expressly states that an action authorized therein is “in addition to" any other type of action
available, we hold that section 552.3215 does not prevent a complainant from directly filing a TPIA declaratory
judgment claim.[6]  In effect, section 552.3215 gives a complainant an avenue for seeking redress which does not
require the complainant to incur the expense of filing a lawsuit on his or her own behalf:  a lawsuit undertaken by,
and in the name of, the state.  See Tex. Gov't Code § 552.3215(c).  Nothing in section 552.3215 suggests that a
complainant cannot file a lawsuit in his or her own behalf, name, and expense.  The trial court erred to the extent it
held otherwise.[7]

b.  Justiciability

Next, we turn to appellees' justiciability contentions, i.e., that Kessling's TPIA claims regarding past requests had
all become moot and that her claims regarding potential future requests were not yet ripe.  As discussed above, "[t]
o constitute a justiciable controversy, there must exist a real and substantial controversy involving genuine conflict
of tangible interests and not merely a theoretical dispute."  Bonham State Bank, 907 S.W.2d at 467.  A case is
considered moot when either a controversy has ceased to exist or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest,
Hallman, 159 S.W.3d at 642, and a controversy does not ripen until an injury has occurred or is likely to occur,
Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442.  We begin by noting that Kessling's TPIA violation claims can be grouped into two
categories:  (1) claims that certain requests have gone unfulfilled, and (2) claims that although other requests
have been fulfilled, something improper occurred regarding how they were fulfilled.[8]

Claims that certain requests have gone unfulfilled are neither moot nor unripe.  Because there is a live
controversy regarding these claims, the trial court possesses subject matter jurisdiction to resolve the
controversy.  See Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442.  Although in their appellate briefing, appellees further argue that
(1) Kessling requested an overbroad order, (2) Kessling failed to plead her claims with sufficient specificity, and
(3) FISD has not refused to provide any existing documents and cannot be required to create documents to fulfill
TPIA requests, appellees did not raise these points as grounds for summary judgment below.  Accordingly, we
cannot affirm the judgment on these bases.  See Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 216.  Summary judgment was improvidently
granted with regard to Kessling's claims of unfulfilled TPIA requests.

Regarding her claims concerning requests that were ultimately fulfilled, Kessling does not argue in her briefing to
this court that she is entitled to seek mandamus or injunctive relief, as she did in connection with her TOMA
claims, instructing appellees to follow the law in the future.  She neither argues that TPIA allows for such relief nor
seeks any other injunctive or other affirmative relief as her requests have been fulfilled.  Instead, with regard to
her fulfilled requests, she appears to seek only a declaration that violations have occurred in the past in
connection with those requests.  In the absence of a request for injunctive or other affirmative relief, a declaration
that past violations have occurred would have no impact on the rights of the parties.  See Speer v. Presbyterian
Children's Home & Serv. Agency, 847 S.W.2d 227, 229 (Tex. 1993) (citing McKie v. Bullock, 491 S.W.2d 659, 660
(Tex. 1973), for the proposition that “when the action sought to be enjoined is accomplished and 'suitable coercive
relief' becomes impossible, it is improper to grant declaratory relief"); City of Shoreacres v. Tex. Comm'n of Envtl.
Quality, 166 S.W.3d 825, 838-39 (Tex. App.- Austin 2005, no pet.) (holding that party's request for declaratory
judgment did not change the fact that no justiciable controversy existed because the court could grant no relief
having a practical legal effect on the controversy).  Kessling's claims regarding fulfilled TPIA requests are
therefore moot.  Consequently, the trial court did not err in dismissing these claims.[9]

In short, the trial court erred in dismissing Kessling's TOMA claims as well as her TPIA claims regarding requests
that have allegedly gone unfulfilled, but the court has not been shown to have erred in dismissing Kessling's TPIA
claims concerning requests which were ultimately fulfilled.  Accordingly, we sustain Kessling's first issue in part and
overrule it in part.

B.  Plea to Jurisdiction

In her second issue, Kessling contends that the trial court erred in granting appellees' plea to the jurisdiction and,
thus, in dismissing her Education Code claims for want of jurisdiction.  We review a trial court's grant of a plea to
the jurisdiction under a de novo standard.  Lopez, 259 S.W.3d at 150.  The focus of such review is on “whether
facts have been alleged that affirmatively demonstrate jurisdiction in the trial court."  Id.  In making this
determination, we construe pleadings liberally in favor of the plaintiff.  Id.  Furthermore, we may not assess the
merit of the plaintiff's claims.  County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002).  If a fact question
regarding jurisdiction exists, the plea should not have been granted; however, if pleadings or evidence
affirmatively negate a jurisdictional fact, the plea may have been properly granted even in the absence of an
opportunity to amend.  See Lopez, 259 S.W.3d at 150.  When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the plaintiff's
pleadings and not the existence of jurisdictional facts, we assume the facts pleaded to be true.  See Westbrook v.
Penley, 231 S.W.3d 389, 405 (Tex. 2007).

In her petition, Kessling claimed that appellees violated the Education Code by failing to follow certain accounting
practices and failing to generate certain reports required under the code and associated administrative rules.  See
Tex. Educ. Code §§ 39.023, 44.002, 44.003, 44.007, 44.0071; 19 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 61.1025 (2001, 2005)
(Tex. Educ. Agency, Public Education Information Management System Data and Reporting), 109.1 (1996, 2002)
(Tex. Educ. Agency, Financial Accounting).  Kessling requested a declaratory judgment and injunctive and
mandamus relief to require appellees to adopt an appropriate accounting system which conforms to the Education
Code requirements.  She further claimed that appellees' failure to generate required accounting reports defeated
her TPIA requests for such reports because, under the TPIA, a governmental body can be required to release
only information in existence and cannot be forced to create the requested information.  See A&T Consultants,
Inc. v. Sharp, 904 S.W.2d 668, 676 (Tex. 1995).  In their plea, appellees asserted governmental immunity.  They
also asserted that Kessling lacked standing because (1) the Education Code does not provide for a private right
of action on these accounting matters, and (2) Kessling failed to allege a distinct injury.

We begin by addressing the standing grounds in the plea to the jurisdiction.  A party seeking affirmative relief
must have standing to invoke a court's subject matter jurisdiction.  DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Inman, 252 S.W.3d
299, 304 (Tex. 2008).  “For standing, a plaintiff must be personally aggrieved; his alleged injury must be concrete
and particularized, actual or imminent, not hypothetical."  Id. at 304-05.  If the plaintiff does not allege real and
personal injury to himself or herself, it is irrelevant whether the defendant acted improperly.  See id. at 305.

Appellees are correct, and Kessling does not dispute, that the Education Code does not contain any provision
authorizing a private right of action for complaints concerning a school district's failure to follow required
accounting practices or generate required financial reports.  To the contrary, the provisions Kessling relies upon
give oversight on these matters to other governmental actors.  See Tex. Educ. Code §§ 39.023 (Commissioner of
Education), 44.002 (State Board of Education), 44.003 (district superintendents), 44.007 (State Board), 44.0071
(Commissioner); 19 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 61.1025 (Commissioner and groups appointed by the Commissioner),
109.1 (Commissioner, State Board, and state auditor).[10]

Kessling instead argues that she has standing to compel, through mandamus, a public official to perform a
ministerial duty.  See Blum v. Lanier, 997 S.W.2d 259, 263 (Tex. 1999).[11]  She further contends that she has
standing to “seek declaratory relief against state officials who allegedly act without legal or statutory authority."  
See Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm'n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. 2002).  Such arguments,
however, do not obviate the prerequisite for standing of a particularized injury.  See Inman, 252 S.W.3d at 304-
05.  Indeed, the Texas Supreme Court has expressly noted that in order to have standing for a declaratory
judgment claim, a member of the public must allege Aa particularized injury distinct from that suffered by the
general public."  Bland I.S.D. v. Blue,

34 S.W.3d 547, 555-56 (Tex. 2000).[12]  Kessling contends that appellees' failure to follow mandatory financial
guidelines and prepare mandatory financial reports results in her failure to:  (1) get her TPIA requests for those
reports fulfilled, and (2) properly review FISD's financial activities by making productive TPIA requests.  In other
words, Kessling maintains that appellees' refusal to follow the dictates of the Education Code defeats her right to
access to information under the TPIA.  Kessling's argument, however, is defeated by the very statutes upon which
she relies.  As discussed above, under the Education Code provisions, she has no private right of enforcement,
see Texas Education Code §§ 39.023, 44.002, 44.003, 44.007, 44.0071; under the TPIA, she has no right to
require a governmental entity to create a document that it does not already possess, see Sharp, 904 S.W.2d at
676.  Because Kessling has no right to require appellees to meet the dictates of the Education Code provisions
either through the TPIA or the Education Code itself, she does not have a particularized injury from the appellees'
alleged failure to do so.  In short, she has no standing to make these claims.  See Inman, 252 S.W.3d at 304-05.  
To the extent that Kessling wishes to complain generally about the logic or fairness, as opposed to the
constitutionality, of the statutory schemes, she should address the Texas Legislature.  The trial court did not err in
dismissing Kessling's Education Code claims for lack of standing.  We overrule Kessling's second issue.

III.  Cross-Appeal for Attorney's Fees

In the sole issue in their cross-appeal, appellees/cross-appellants contend that the trial court erred in declining to
award them attorney's fees either under the UDJA or the Education Code.  Under the UDJA, a trial court may
award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees as are equitable and just.  Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code § 37.004.  A court may conclude that it is not equitable or just to award even reasonable and necessary
fees.  Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998).  Under the Education Code, a trial court may award
attorney's fees to a defendant if (1) the suit was dismissed or judgment rendered in favor of the independent
school district or school district employee, and (2) the court finds that the suit was frivolous, unreasonable, and
without foundation.  Tex. Educ. Code §§ 11.161, 22.055.  We review the court's refusal to award fees under either
statute under an abuse of discretion standard.  Bocquet, 972 S.W.2d at 21 (UDJA); Loeffler v. Lytle I.S.D., 211 S.
W.3d 331, 350 (Tex. App.- San Antonio 2006, pet. denied) (Education Code).

Because Kessling was wholly successful on her appeal of the summary judgment against her TOMA claims and at
least partially successful on her TPIA claims, we will consider only her Education Code claims in addressing
appellees' cross-appeal.  While Kessling's Education Code claims are ultimately meritless, we cannot say that they
were frivolous, unreasonable, and without foundation.  The arguments were novel and were grounded in statutory
and case law, even though, in the end, they were incorrect.  Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in declining to award attorney's fees under the Education Code.  See Tex. Educ. Code §§ 11.161, 22.055.  
Similarly, given that Kessling successfully appealed judgment against several of her UDJA based claims, and the
claims on which she was unsuccessful were nonetheless not frivolous or without foundation in the law, we cannot
say that the trial court erred in refusing to find that a grant of attorney's fees would be equitable and just.  
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to award fees under the UDJA.  We overrule
appellees' sole cross-appeal issue.

IV.  Conclusion

In summary, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment against Kessling's TOMA claims and against her
claims of unfulfilled TPIA requests.  The trial court properly granted judgment against Kessling's claims concerning
TPIA requests that have been met.  The court properly dismissed her Education Code claims for want of
jurisdiction.  The trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to award attorney's fees to appellees.  We
remand to the trial court for further consideration of Kessling's TOMA claims and her claims of unfulfilled TPIA
requests.

/s/      Adele Hedges

Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Yates and Frost. (Frost, J. Dissenting)

[1]  Kessling filed her third amended petition after appellees' motion for summary judgment was filed and after the deadline passed
for amendment.  The trial court expressly granted leave to file the third amended petition during an oral hearing before final judgment
was entered.  The third amended petition was therefore the live petition at the time of judgment.

[2]  In her special exceptions, Hanks provided eleven paragraphs of detailed exceptions, challenging specific paragraphs of
Kessling's petition.  The description in the text above is intended solely as a brief synopsis of the assertions.

[3]  For consistency's sake, we adopt the parties' labeling of the TOMA and TPIA discussions as pertaining to the grant of summary
judgment and their labeling of the Education Code discussion as pertaining to the grant of the plea to the jurisdiction.  Such labeling
is not intended to substantively impact the analysis.

[4]  Regarding past acts, the Austin Court also rejected the complainant's assertion of an exception to the mootness doctrine, which
would permit judicial review of acts that are capable of repetition but evade review.  Id. (quoting 551.142(a)); see also Williams v.
Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184-85 (Tex. 2001) (discussing the “capable of repetition, yet evading review" exception to the mootness
doctrine).  This mootness exception is not raised in the present appeal.

[5]  Appellees are misguided in their attempt to discredit any precedential value of Harris County Emergency based on factual and
procedural distinctions between that case and the one currently before us.

[6]  There is, additionally, no indication in the legislative history, cited by appellees or discovered by our research, that section
552.3215 was intended to replace or extinguish any existing rights of action.  To the contrary, the legislative history is replete with
comments akin to subsection (k), i.e., that the newly created action is in addition to any other available actions.

[7]  We additionally note that even if appellees were correct in their interpretation of section 552.3215, the section would still not have
been grounds for dismissing all of Kessling's TPIA claims.  Kessling additionally sought a writ of mandamus, which is expressly
permitted under TPIA section 552.321 when a governmental entity refuses to request an attorney general's opinion or to produce
material previously determined to be public information.  Tex. Gov't Code § 552.321.

[8]  Among her claims that certain TPIA requests have gone unfulfilled, Kessling asserts that (1) on November 17, 2003, she
requested documents relating to September, October, and November board meetings, but she did not receive coded payroll
statements; (2) she has not received all of the check registers that she requested on November 17, 2003; (3) FISD has failed to
respond to a February 23, 2005, request for “Payment of Bills" and “Financial Reports"; (4) FISD has failed to provide a “list of
educators" she requested on November 14, 2005; and (5) FISD failed to provide a signature authority card for a bank account, also
requested on November 14, 2005.  Among her claims regarding requests which were ultimately fulfilled, Kessling asserts that FISD
(1) failed to provide “prompt access" to board agenda and meeting minutes as well as banking documents she requested on
February 28, 2004; (2) treated her differently than district employees and members of the press by not providing her “without charge
and without request" a board agenda book; (3) failed to make certain bank statements available until Kessling made a second
request; (4) admitted that “Tax Collector Bank Statements" had been omitted from the response to a prior request; (5) produced
“Quarterly Investment Reports" untimely; and (6) failed to produce requested “Letters to Management," which Kessling subsequently
obtained from another source.

[9]  Obviously, we disagree with the dissent's conclusion that Kessling briefed the issue of whether the TPIA affords her the right to
seek  mandamus or injunctive relief instructing appellees to follow the TPIA in the future.  Even if her briefing could be liberally
construed as having raised the issue, she certainly does not offer any argument or authority specifically on this issue.  See Tex. R.
Civ. P. 38.1(i) (“The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authority
and to the record.").

For these reasons, we also disagree with the dissent's additional conclusion that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
against Kessling's claims regarding fulfilled TPIA requests.  The dissent appears to reach its conclusion based on the majority's
analysis of Kessling's similar TOMA claims.  However, it is far from clear whether the TPIA and interpretive case law supports the
dissent's conclusion that this issue should be analyzed the same as it is under the TOMA.  We express no opinion as to whether a
mandamus or injunction requiring appellees to follow the TPIA in the future would be proper under the law had such issue been
briefed.

The dissent suggests that we are addressing the merits of   Kessling's claims regarding fulfilled TPIA requests.  To the contrary, as
explained in the preceding text, we find that those claims are moot and thus the trial court, and this court, lacks subject-matter
jurisdiction over those claims.  See, e.g., Labrado v. County of El Paso, 132 S.W.3d 581, 589 (Tex. App.- El Paso 2004, no pet.).

[10]  As appellees point out, other sections of the Education Code also provide the Texas Education Agency (TEA), the
Commissioner of Education, and the State Board of Education with general oversight of school districts' financial reporting.  See Tex.
Educ. Code §§ 7.021(b)(13) (mandating the TEA "review school district budgets, audit reports, and other fiscal reports"); 7.055(b)
(36) (requiring the commissioner to report annually on “the status of school district fiscal management"); 7.102 (requiring the State
Board to adopt rules concerning district budgets and audits of financial accounts).

[11]  Kessling contends that having the reports required by the Education Code prepared is a ministerial act by a public official.  
Kessling acknowledges that the actual preparation of the reports may require an accountant's discretion but argues that having the
reports prepared is a ministerial not discretionary function because it is mandated by the code.

[12]  One exception to the rule requiring a “particularized injury" applies when a taxpayer alleges an illegal expenditure of public
funds.  Bland I.S.D., 34 S.W.3d at 556.  Kessling does not rely upon this exception in the present case.