Man Industries (INDIA), Ltd. v. Bank of Tokyo (pdf) (Tex.App.- Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 23,
2010)(Yates) (interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s order denying special appearance as to the cross-
claim)
We conclude the trial court did not err in denying Man’s special appearance based on
its conclusion that the Bank’s cross-claim is not severable. Because we have
determined that the trial court had personal jurisdiction on this basis, we need not
review Man’s remaining allegations regarding other potential bases for jurisdiction. We
affirm the trial court’s order.
AFFIRMED: Opinion by Justice Brock Yates
Before Justices Brock Yates, Brown and Boyce
14-09-00362-CV Man Industries (INDIA) Ltd. v. Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.
Appeal from 133rd District Court of Harris County
Trial Court Judge: Jaclanel McFarland
OPINION
Appellant Man Industries (India) Ltd. brings this interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s order denying its
special appearance as to the cross-claim against it by appellee Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. Because
we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the Bank’s cross-claim is not
severable from the other claims in the case, we affirm.
Background
Man is an Indian company that manufactures pipe. This litigation arises out of a dispute concerning a
purchase order agreement between Man and Midcontinent Express Pipeline LLC, a Houston company, for Man
to supply Midcontinent with 1.3 million feet of pipe. The purchase order required that Midcontinent obtain a
letter of credit to secure its payment obligations. The Bank issued a $33 million standby letter of credit that
Man could draw on if Midcontinent failed to timely pay for the pipe.
The transaction did not proceed as anticipated, and Man eventually presented the letter of credit to the
Bank for payment. In its presentment, Man certified, as required by the letter of credit, that Midcontinent was in
default on its payments under the purchase order agreement. The next day, the Bank informed Man that it
would not honor its presentment, which was made electronically, because original documents were required.
The following day, Midcontinent filed suit against Man in Texas state court, alleging breach of the purchase
order agreement and fraud. Midcontinent also sought and obtained an ex parte temporary restraining order
(TRO) prohibiting Man from presenting the letter of credit to the Bank. Midcontinent obtained the TRO on the
grounds that Man’s certification to the Bank that Midcontinent had defaulted in its payment obligations was
false and therefore its attempt to draw on the letter of credit was fraudulent. The TRO further stated that the
Bank was permitted to rely on the TRO as authority to refuse to pay on the letter of credit. Midcontinent
provided the Bank with a copy of the TRO. The day after the TRO was issued, Man again attempted to draw
on the letter of credit. The Bank refused to honor the presentment, stating that there was a problem with the
signature, and also delivered to Man a copy of the TRO at that time. The letter of credit expired four days
later, never having been paid.
Man sued the Bank in New York state court, alleging it was damaged by the Bank’s wrongful refusal to pay
on the letter of credit. The Bank thereafter filed a declaratory judgment cross-claim against Man in the Texas
suit Midcontinent brought against Man, seeking a declaration that it did not breach any obligation to Man by
refusing to honor Man’s presentments of the letter of credit. Man consented to personal jurisdiction as to
Midcontinent’s breach of contract claim but specially appeared as to Midcontinent’s fraud claim and the Bank’s
cross-claim. The trial court found, on several different grounds, that it had personal jurisdiction against Man as
to all claims in the suit. In this interlocutory appeal, Man challenges only the trial court’s ruling that it had
personal jurisdiction as to the Bank’s cross-claim and concedes for purposes of this appeal that the trial court
had personal jurisdiction as to Midcontinent’s fraud claim.
Analysis
Rule 120a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[a] special appearance may be made as to
an entire proceeding or as to any severable claim involved therein.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(1). A claim is
severable if (1) the controversy involves more than one cause of action, (2) the severed claim would be the
proper subject of a lawsuit if asserted independently, and (3) the claim to be severed is not so interwoven with
the remaining action that they involve the same facts and issues. F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez,
237 S.W.3d 680, 693 (Tex. 2007). We review a trial court’s decision as to whether a claim is severable under
rule 120a for an abuse of discretion. See Pet JA, S.A. v. Shell Compañia Argentina de Petroleo, No. 01-02-
00661-CV, 2003 WL 854163, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 6, 2003, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(applying abuse of discretion analysis to severability determination under rule 120a(1)); see also Guar. Fed.
Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Operating Co., 793 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex. 1990) (reviewing for abuse of discretion
trial court’s determination regarding whether claim to be severed is interwoven); In re Ben E. Keith Co., 198 S.
W.3d 844, 853 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, orig. proceeding [mands. denied]) (same).[1]
The issue in this appeal focuses on the third element—whether the Bank’s cross-claim is interwoven with
the remaining claims. The trial court found that the claims in the case, including the Bank’s cross-claim, were
not severable because they required an investigation of the same facts and issues. The record supports the
trial court’s finding.
Midcontinent’s petition against Man alleges, among other things, that Man committed fraud in presenting the
letter of credit to the Bank because its certification that Midcontinent had breached its payment obligations
under the letter of credit was false. In the Bank’s cross-claim, the Bank alleged that it knew of the TRO, which
stated explicitly that it was based on fraud, before Man’s second presentation and gave Man a copy of the TRO
in the course of refusing to pay on the letter of credit the second time. Furthermore, the Bank requested that
the trial court adjudicate Midcontinent’s fraud allegations before determining its rights and obligations under
the letter of credit.
Whether Man’s actions were fraudulent is relevant to both Midcontinent’s claim and the Bank’s cross-claim, and
both will involve the same issues, facts, and evidence. See F.F.P., 237 S.W.3d 693–94 (finding trial court
abused its discretion in severing contribution cross-claim because claims involved same facts and issues to be
litigated); Liberty Nat’l Fire Ins. Co. v. Akin, 927 S.W.2d 627, 629–30 (Tex. 1996) (finding no abuse of
discretion in refusing to sever breach of contract bad faith claims because litigation of both claims would
involve much of the same evidence); Oryx Energy Co. v. Union Nat’l Bank of Tex., 895 S.W.2d 409, 416 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 1995, writ denied) (finding trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to sever claim
for breach of promissory note from tort claims, noting that “[t]he default on the note triggered this litigation” and
“[t]he facts concerning all of the claims alleged by the Bank concerns identical facts surrounding one loan
transaction and the security for the loan”). Thus, we determine the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
determining that the Bank’s cross-claim was interwoven based on the issue of fraud and therefore not
severable.[2]
Man argues that the Bank’s cross-claim is not interwoven with Midcontinent’s fraud claim because the Bank
never explicitly stated that it was refusing Man’s presentments because of fraud, rather than technicalities, and
therefore fraud is irrelevant to the cross-claim. We reject this argument. As explained above, based on the
Bank’s pleadings, the Bank’s cross-claim is interwoven with Midcontinent’s fraud allegation against Man.
Man is essentially requesting that we determine as a matter of law the Bank’s motives in denying its
presentments and then use that determination as a basis to grant its special appearance. However,
determining the merits of a claim in a special appearance proceeding is improper. See Moki Mac River
Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 582 (Tex. 2007); Nogle & Black Aviation, Inc. v. Faveretto, 290 S.W.3d
277, 284 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.). Similarly, Man tries to extricate fraud from the
analysis by arguing that Midcontinent’s fraud claim is moot and that the alleged fraudulent conduct is not
sufficiently egregious to meet the requirements for a fraud claim in the letter of credit context. Again, these
arguments go to the merits of Midcontinent’s fraud claim and are therefore inappropriate in the special
appearance context. See Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 582; Nogle & Black, 290 S.W.3d at 284.
Because the Bank’s cross-claim is not severable, Man’s appearance as to the other claims in the litigation
constitutes a general appearance, and the trial court did not err in determining it had personal jurisdiction over
Man as to the Bank’s cross-claim. See Shapolsky v. Brewton, 56 S.W.3d 120, 140 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (“Any appearance before judgment, which is not in compliance with Rule 120a,
constitutes a general appearance.”).
Conclusion
We conclude the trial court did not err in denying Man’s special appearance based on its conclusion that
the Bank’s cross-claim is not severable. Because we have determined that the trial court had personal
jurisdiction on this basis, we need not review Man’s remaining allegations regarding other potential bases for
jurisdiction. We affirm the trial court’s order.
/s/ Leslie B. Yates
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Yates, Brown, and Boyce.
[1] Man contends that we should review the severability determination de novo and only review for abuse of
discretion the trial court’s consideration of equitable factors in deciding whether a severable claim actually
should be severed. See F.F.P., 237 S.W.3d at 693 (“We have explained that avoiding prejudice, doing justice,
and increasing convenience are the controlling reasons to allow a severance.”). Man cites no authority in
which a court has held that any part of a trial court’s severability determination should be reviewed under any
standard other than abuse of discretion. Indeed, all authority suggests that every aspect of a severability
determination is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Guar. Fed., 793 S.W.2d at 658; In re Ben E.
Keith, 198 S.W.3d at 853.
[2] Even if we were to apply the de novo review standard Man advocates, we would conclude, as did the trial
court, that the Bank’s cross-claim is not severable because it is intertwined with the other claims.