Physio, Ltd v. Naifeh (pdf) (Tex.App. - Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 4, 2010)(Yates)
(employment law - wrongful termination; issue of supervisors' personal liability on Sabine-Pilot wrongful
termination claim)
Appellants appeal the trial court’s judgment holding them individually liable for firing
appellee for the sole reason that she refused to perform an illegal act. See Sabine
Pilot Serv., Inc. v. Hauck, 687 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. 1985). Because we hold that the
Sabine Pilot doctrine should not be extended to impose liability on individual
employees rather than the plaintiff’s employer, we reverse and render.
Absent a finding of alter ego, we conclude that the trial court erred in finding that the
Saadats were personally liable on Naifeh’s Sabine Pilot claim.
DISMISSED IN PART AND REVERSED AND RENDERED IN PART: Opinion by Justice Brock Yates
Before Justices Brock Yates, Hudson and Sullivan
14-08-00017-CV Physio GP, Inc., Physio, Ltd, Tanja Saadat and Shawn Saadat v. Natalie Naifeh
Appeal from 295th District Court of Harris County
Trial Court Judge: Tracy Kee Christopher
Dissenting Opinion by Justice Hudson in Physio GP, Inc.v. Natalie Naifeh (would hold that wrongful
termination claim against bosses for firing employee who refused to commit criminal act is viable and
promotes public policy objectives of Sabine-Pilot exception to employment-at-will doctrine)
MAJORITY OPINION
Appellants Tanja Saadat and Shawn Saadat appeal[1] the trial court’s judgment holding them individually
liable for firing appellee Natalie Naifeh for the sole reason that she refused to perform an illegal act. See
Sabine Pilot Serv., Inc. v. Hauck, 687 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. 1985). Because we hold that the Sabine Pilot
doctrine should not be extended to impose liability on individual employees rather than the plaintiff’s
employer, we reverse and render.
BACKGROUND
Physio GP, Inc. and Physio, Ltd. (collectively “Physio”) operated an occupational and physical therapy clinic.
The Saadats own Physio. Naifeh began working for Physio in 2003 as a therapist and was fired in 2005. The
reason for her termination is the crux of this litigation. Naifeh claims that Tanja Saadat was consistently
falsifying Naifeh’s patient treatment documents to include additional services that were not performed and
thereby obtain higher payments from insurers. Naifeh repeatedly refused to sign these altered treatment
documents and was eventually fired. The Saadats assert they fired her for various performance infractions,
including unauthorized treatment on a patient and misuse of company time. Naifeh claims these reasons were
manufactured in an attempt to cover up terminating her for refusing to sign off on fraudulent paperwork, which
she claims was unethical and illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1035 (2006).[2]
Naifeh sued Physio and the Saadats alleging wrongful termination against all defendants and that the
Saadats were the alter egos of Physio.[3] The trial court granted summary judgment to the Saadats as to
alter ego.[4] When the case was called for trial, the defendants appeared and stated that they were not going
to defend the case any further, based on lack of resources to pay their attorney. The case proceeded to a
bench trial, and the trial court found that Naifeh was fired solely for refusing to perform an illegal act. The trial
court assessed damages and attorney’s fees against all defendants jointly and severally and exemplary
damages separately against Physio, Ltd., Tanja Saadat, and Shawn Saadat.
The Saadats now appeal.
ANALYSIS
In their first issue, the Saadats argue that the trial court erred in holding them personally liable for the Sabine
Pilot violation. Naifeh argues, and the trial court agreed, that in a corporate setting, individuals can be
personally liable for their own torts, including wrongful discharge under Sabine Pilot. We review a trial court’s
legal conclusions de novo. BMC Software Belguim, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002).
Texas is an employment at will state, meaning that employment contracts can be terminated at will by either
party unless they have bargained otherwise. See Fed. Express Corp. v. Dutschmann, 846 S.W.2d 282, 283
(Tex. 1993); see also Armijo v. Mazda Int’l, No. 14-03-00365-CV, 2004 WL 1175335, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] May 27, 2004, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding that an employment at will agreement is
an enforceable contract until terminated by either party). The one common-law exception to the employment
at will doctrine is set forth in Sabine Pilot: an employer cannot fire an employee for the sole reason of
refusing to perform an illegal act. 687 S.W.2d at 735. The Texas Supreme Court created this tort to promote
the public policy of preventing an employee from being forced to choose between keeping his job and facing
criminal liability. See Winters v. Houston Chronicle Publ’g Co., 795 S.W.2d 723, 724 (Tex. 1990); Sabine
Pilot, 687 S.W.2d at 735.
The issue of whether an individual, as opposed to the employer, can be held personally liable for a Sabine
Pilot violation appears to be an issue of first impression in Texas. Neither party identified any cases that are
on point to this issue, either in the trial court or in this court.[5] However, several other states have addressed
the issue of individual liability under their version of a tort of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy.
Some states allow individual liability, reasoning that individuals are liable for their own torts, even agents
acting on behalf of their employers. See, e.g., Jasper v. H. Nizam, Inc., 764 N.W.2d 751, 775–76 (Iowa 2009);
Ballinger v. Del. River Port Auth., 800 A.2d 97, 110–11 (N.J. 2002); Harless v. First Nat’l Bank in Fairmont,
289 S.E.2d 692, 698–99 (W. Va. 1982). According to their logic, employees can therefore be liable for a
Sabine Pilot violation the same as any other tort. See, e.g., Jasper, 764 N.W.2d at 775–76; Ballinger, 800 A.
2d at 110–11; Harless, 289 S.E.2d at 683–85. They further reason that individual liability promotes
deterrence and better decision making because it allows the active wrongdoer to be held directly responsible.
See Borecki v. E. Int’l Mgmt. Corp., 694 F. Supp. 47, 59 (D.N.J. 1988); Jasper, 764 N.W.2d at 776.
We disagree with this analysis and are persuaded by the courts holding that individual liability is inappropriate
in such circumstances. The employment relationship is the source of the duty in wrongful discharge torts
such as Sabine Pilot. See Miklosy v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 188 P.3d 629, 644–45 (Cal. 2008); Schram v.
Albertson’s, Inc., 934 P.2d 483, 490–91 (Or. Ct. App. 1997).
The employment relationship exists only between the employer and employee, not between two employees,
even when one of those employees is a supervisor or even the owner. See Miklosy, 188 P.3d at 644–45;
Buckner v. Atl. Plant Maint., Inc., 694 N.E.2d 565, 569 (Ill. 1998); Schram, 934 P.2d at 490–91. Only the
employer has the power to hire and fire, and supervisors merely exercise that power on the employer’s
behalf. See Miklosy, 188 P.3d at 644–45; Smith v. Waukegan Park Dist., 896 N.E.2d 232, 235–36 (Ill. 2008);
Schram, 934 P.2d at 490. Corporate employees cannot, in their personal capacity, wrongfully discharge an
employee because they have no personal authority to fire an employee. See Miklosy, 188 P.3d at 644; Smith,
896 N.E.2d at 235–36; Schram, 934 P.2d at 490–91. Furthermore, individual liability is not necessary to
promote deterrence because liable employers will likely take their own measures to deter agents or
employees from wrongfully exercising termination authority. See Buckner, 694 N.E.2d at 570. Fear of
financial responsibility for a potential lawsuit could discourage supervisors from terminating employees in
legitimate situations. Cf. Reno v. Baird, 957 P.2d 1333, 1347 (Cal. 1998) (analyzing supervisor liability under
state discrimination statute). Moreover, it can be difficult to determine—or limit in scope—the individuals who
might be held accountable for a decision to terminate. This is particularly true in a corporate environment
involving group evaluation of employees and collective decisionmaking for terminations. See id. at 1346–47.
Naifeh argues, and the trial court found, that liability is appropriate because individuals are liable for their own
torts in the corporate setting. See Walker v. Anderson, 232 S.W.3d 899, 918 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no
pet.); Ennis v. Loiseau, 164 S.W.3d 698, 707 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.). However, these cases
involve torts such as fraud that can be committed by an individual.[6] See Ennis, 164 S.W.3d at 700–01. The
purpose of individual liability in the corporate setting is to prevent an individual from using the corporate
structure or agency law as a blanket to insulate himself from liability for his otherwise tortious conduct. See
Walker, 232 S.W.3d at 919. But only an employer can wrongfully terminate the employment relationship, so
the individual’s conduct logically could not be otherwise tortious. See Miklosy, 188 P.3d at 644–45; Buckner,
694 N.E.2d at 570; Schram, 934 P.2d at 490–91.
Moreover, Sabine Pilot is an extremely specific and narrow exception to the employment at will doctrine, and
both the Texas Supreme Court and this court have consistently rejected attempts to expand its scope. See
Ed Rachal Found. v. D’Unger, 207 S.W.3d 330, 332–33 (Tex. 2006); Mayfield v. Lockheed Eng’g & Scis. Co.,
970 S.W.2d 185, 187–88 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied); see also Buckner, 694 N.E.2d
at 568. Naifeh has a remedy against Physio,[7] and expanding Sabine Pilot to impose individual liability
against the Saadats is more appropriately the task of the Texas Supreme Court or the Texas Legislature.
See Ed Rachal, 207 S.W.3d at 333; Melendez v. Exxon Corp., 998 S.W.2d 266, 273 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.); Mayfield, 970 S.W.2d at 188.
Absent a finding of alter ego, we conclude that the trial court erred in finding that the Saadats were personally
liable on Naifeh’s Sabine Pilot claim. We sustain the Saadats’ first issue. We need not reach the Saadats’
other two issues, which challenge the validity of a Sabine Pilot claim in these circumstances on other
grounds. We reverse the trial court’s judgment against the Saadats and render judgment that Naifeh take
nothing against them.
/s/ Leslie B. Yates
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Yates and Sullivan and Senior Justice Hudson (dissenting).*
* Senior Justice J. Harvey Hudson, sitting by assignment.
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[1] Physio GP, Inc. and Physio, Ltd. filed a notice of appeal but did not file briefs or otherwise pursue their appeal. Therefore, we
dismiss their appeal for want of prosecution. Tex. R. App. P. 42.3(b).
[2] Section 1035 criminalizes behavior relating to, among other things, false statements regarding health care made in
connection with the payment for health care benefits.
[3] Naifeh also alleged that the Saadats tortiously interfered with her employment contract with Physio, but no issue regarding
that claim has been brought in this appeal.
[4] Naifeh has not challenged on appeal the trial court’s summary judgment on her alter ego allegation.
[5] Naifeh argues that two cases from the First Court of Appeals “suggest that an individual can be liable for wrongful
termination in violation of Sabine Pilot without the necessity of showing that the individual was the alter ego of the company,”
citing University of Texas Medical Branch v. Hohman, 6 S.W.3d 767 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. dism’d w.o.j.) and
Nguyen v. Technical & Scientific Application, Inc., 981 S.W.2d 900 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). In Hohman,
the only mention of Sabine Pilot is in the court’s holding that government officials cannot be sued in their official capacity
because of sovereign immunity. See 6 S.W.3d at 777. The only issue in Nguyen was whether an employee who was
constructively discharged rather than fired could still bring a Sabine Pilot claim. See 981 S.W.2d at 900–01. The court does not
discuss individual liability at all. We see nothing in either of these cases suggesting that individual liability would be
appropriate in a Sabine Pilot case.
[6] We note that the Saadats may have been subject to individual liability under Texas law pursuant to more traditional legal
theories. However, for reasons that are unclear, Naifeh chose to pursue their individual liability only under a Sabine Pilot theory.
[7] Indeed, Naifeh actually has a judgment against Physio.